Drawing on Milgrams Classic Laboratory Research on Obedience

Title: Drawing on Milgrams classic laboratory research on obedience Examine and Asses the relevance of laboratory based research to real life. Please consider the suggestion below. 1)- How do laboratory settings differ from everyday situations, and how does this shape the extent to which we can generalise from evidence gathered in such settings to everyday situations? 2)What are the advantages and disadvantages of laboratory based research? 3)Applicability of Milgram s work to real life situations that is ,its relevance to understanding the actions of perpetrators of the holocaust. Laboratory settings have various differences to incidents that occur in real-life situations. Firstly, laboratory settings occur at one specific period in one specific place to one carefully selected sample of participants. Relating this to Milgrams experiment, his study was conducted with the purpose of investigating whether people are inherently predisposed to follow orders. Milgrams question, to be specific, was the following: Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices? (Milgram, 1963). Problems with this are diverse: Firstly, Milgrams experiment was conducted in the 1960s. This was a post-war period that may conceivably be more muted in its expression of bigotry, aside from which the period faced different challenges than that of the 1930s (during which the Holocaust appeared). DeterminingShow MoreRelatedFalse Confession3680 Words   |  15 Pageshad confessed to police, that the percentage is far higher in capital murder cases (White, 2003), and that these discovered instances represent the tip of an iceberg (Drizin Leo, 2004). After reviewing a number of cases throughout history, and drawing on theories of social inï ¬â€šuence, Wrightsman and I proposed a taxonomy that distinguished three types of false confessions: voluntary, compliant, and internalized. Still used today, this classiï ¬ cation scheme has provided an important Address correspondenceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 ManagementRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra

Internet Searching - 2502 Words

INTERNET SEARCHING AUGUST 2012 Preface Online search / internet searching has become an essential for students and scholars. What typically took place in libraries, by phone calls or visits to experts in the field is being changed because of the Internet. Experts can sometimes be contacted by email and information, whether it is addresses, phone numbers, or detailed specifics on a certain subject, can be accessed on the World Wide Web. Search Engines have become the most important tools in locating this information, so it is important to know how to use them effectively. Search skills can be developed through practice in using the search engines and by reading the help pages provided by the†¦show more content†¦The appeal of the Internet to these bodies was obvious, as it allowed disparate institutions to connect to each others computing systems and databases, as well as share data via E-mail. The nature of the Internet changed abruptly in 1992, when the U.S. government began pulling out of network management, an d commercial entities offered Internet access to the general public for the first time. This change in focus marked the beginning of the Internets astonishing expansion. In addition to text documents, the Internet makes available graphics files (digitized photographs and artwork), and even files that contain digitized sound and video. Through the Internet, you can download software, participate in interactive forums where users post and respond to public messages, and even join chats, in which you and other users type (and, in some cases, speak) messages that are received by the chat participants instantly. Obviously, the Internet can bring you a whole host of capabilities. But how can they be put to practical use? Among the ways that users take advantage of the Internet are: †¢ Sharing research and business data among colleagues and like-minded individuals. †¢ Communicating with others and transmitting files via E-mail. †¢ Requesting and providing assistance with pro blems and questions. †¢ Marketing and publicizing products and services. †¢ Gathering valuable feedback and suggestions from customers and businessShow MoreRelatedThe, An Eye Opening Book By Nicholas Carr1125 Words   |  5 Pagesled to the invention of an efficient, revolutionary organization of knowledge: the search engine. For example, Google provides an online outlet to a seemingly infinite amount of information for internet users worldwide. Google is widely known as a necessity for everyday life: an incredible tool for searching the vast expansions of the world-wide web. Carr, frightened by the technological change that Google brings, describes how we are perpetually stuck between two modes of thinking. 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Percentages in Our Life Free Essays

Percentages in real world Keywords: math, divide, percentage, interest, persent change Around the year 1260, the philosopher Roger Bacon wrote: â€Å"Mathematics is the door and the key to the sciences†¦ for the things of this world cannot be made known without a knowledge of mathematics†. Centuries later this is as true as ever. Mathematics is unique. We will write a custom essay sample on Percentages in Our Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is both a beautiful and fascinating world of abstract structures and ideas and a down-to-earth, practical subject at the heart of modern science and technology. Much of its attraction comes from studying the relationship between theory and practice – an elegant theorem on complex functions, for example, also governs the lift on an aircraft wing, and apparently highly abstract algebraic results have important consequences in data security. There is one of the way to express how large/small one quantity is, relative to another quantity in math we use percentage. A percentage is a part of something expressed as a value out of a hundred. Percentages are an important part of our everyday lives. Some examples include: sales and discounts interest rates percentage chance of rainfall xam results statistics and survey results sports statistics. Percentage is a very handy way of writing fractions. Percentages can be compared more easily than fractions(fraction (from Latin: fractus, â€Å"broken†) represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts, for example, one-half, eight-fifths, three-quarters). A percent can always be written as a decimal, and a decimal can be written as a percent, by moving the decimal point two places to the right. The history of percentages goes back to the ancient Egyptians who wrote numbers (based on tens) alongside pictures called hieroglyphs. The idea of xpressing parts of the whole are constantly in the same proportions, due to practical considerations, was born in ancient times from the Babylonians, who used the sexagesimal fractions. Already in Babylonian cuneiform tables are problems on the calculation of interest. Interest and have been known in India. Indian mathematicians calculated the percentages, using the so-called rule of three, that is, using a proportion. Examples: 1)To calculate a percentage value from absolute numbers Peter scores 25 out of 32 in an exam, what is his result as a percentage? To calculate Peter’s percentage score it is necessary to change ’25 out of 32†² into ‘? ut of 100’. So: 25/32=? /100 This is done by multiplying the actual score by 100: 25/32 x 100 = 78% So 25/32 is the same as 78/100 So John got 78% in his exam. 2)To calculate the true value a percentage represents A camera normally costs ?120 but in the sale it has been reduced by 15%. How much discount does this represent? (ie 15% of 120) 15% of 120 = 15 ‘out of 100’ of 120. 15 ‘out of 100’ can be written as 15/100 So: =15/100*120 =0. 15*120 =18 Therefore 15% represents ?18 discount on the camera, the sale price being ?102 (?120 less discount ?18). 3)To calculate percentage increases and decreases Percent increase and percent decrease are measures of percent change, which is the extent to which something gains or loses value. Percent changes are useful to help people understand changes in a value over time. Let’s look at example of percent increase and decrease. A particular brand of milk cost 35 per bag last week. This week it costs 42 per bag. By what percentage has the price risen? Percentage increase = Actual increase/Original value x 100 In these example: actual increase = 42 – 35 = 7 original value = 35 Therefore: Percentage increase = 7/35 x 100 = 0. 2 x 100 = 20% The price has risen by 20%. )To compare or combine results with different base values Dina sat two exams last week. In science she scored 68 out of 100. In maths she scored 39 out of 60. Which subject did she do the best in? This is not instantly clear. The results would be easier to compare if they had the same base – ie they were both ‘out of’ the same number. The easiest wa y to do this is to change them both to percentages. Use the same method as with Peter’s exam results earlier. Make them both ‘out of 100’. Science: 68 out of 100 = 68% This one is easy because the mark is already out of 100. Maths: 39 out of 60 = ? ut of 100 39/60 x 100 = 65% So, Dina did better in her science exam than her maths exam. 5)Percentages more than 100% This can seem confusing. Sometimes 100% represents a whole one. For example, in exams you can’t do any better than 100% as this represents all the marks available. Likewise when looking at percentage chances, there can be no more than a 100% chance of rain. This represents a certainty. However, there are other situations where you can use percentages that are more than one hundred. For example, a country experiencing hyper-inflation can have an inflation rate of, say, 300%. If you think of this as 300 ‘out of a hundred’, this may seem impossible. However, you could think of it as 300 ‘for every hundred’ and then it makes more sense. After all, any percentage gives a score ‘for every hundred’. An exam result of 68% is 68 correct answers for every hundred questions. Looking back at the inflation situation, you now need 300 more units of currency for every hundred units you needed before. If you are not sure whether you can use percentages greater than one hundred in a particular situation, the best way to check is to invent some numbers or an example and see if the result is sensible. ) A table normally sells for J750; in a sale it is reduced by 180%. Does this make sense? First, what is 180% of 750: 180% x 750 = 1350 So, how much would the table be in the sale (750 – 1350 = – 600)? As the table cannot be sold for less than nothing, it does not make sense, percentages greater than 100 cannot work in thi s situation. b) A shoe manufacturer sells 10,000 pairs of trainers in the month of May. During the World Cup demand increases and by August sales have risen by 180%. Does this make sense? First work out 180% of 10,000: 180% x 10,000 = 18,000 So the manufacturer sold 18,000 more pairs of trainers in August than in May. This would mean that sales of trainers in August totalled 28,000 (10,000 + 18,000). This does make sense, so percentages greater than 100 can be used in this context. Why do we use percentages? The use of percentages in many financial situation is so natural that is is worth spending a few moments considering why this is so. If you need to divide something up into portions so that each person gets an appropriate share of the whole then percentages are a good way to go about it. If a pie is divided into two parts so that A gets twice as much as B then the appropriate percentages are 66. 66% and 33. 33%. As long as the pie is shared out into these percentages the two-to-one ratio will be maintained. When relative importance is gauged as a ratio then a percentage allocation is appropriate. However notice that as the total amount to be divided increases the absolute gap between what A and B receive increases. This property of a percentage increase/decrease of keeping ratios fixed is less arguably appropriate when what is being shared is less obvious. For example. f A and B work for an hourly rate of $20 per hour and $10 per hour then a percentage wage rise of 10% will keep the two-to-one payment the same at $22 per hour and $11 per hour. However the differential between the two rates of pay has jumped from $10 to $11. If a percentage increase is repeatedly applied the differential between the hourly rates goes on steadily rising even though the two-to-one ratio remains unchanged. This isn’t necessarily wrong but it is important that all concerned understand that a percentage increase or decrease keeps existing ratios fixed but changes absolute differences. How to cite Percentages in Our Life, Papers

Reconstruction Was it truly beneficial Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction Was it truly beneficial Essay Reconstruction was a time period, following the Civil War, which focused on rebuilding the nation. Reconstruction was primarily focused with readmitting the seceded states into the Union. Another major issue was the condition of the approximately 4 million freedmen. When slavery was abolished in the Thirteenth Amendment, Southerners used black codes to retain control over blacks. These state laws varied in strictness and detail from state to state; they abased the status of the freedmen by regulating their activities and treating them as social and civil inferiors. Generally black codes were not beneficial, because the supposedly freedmen were treated little more than slaves. Furthermore, to define the status of freed men and women and control their labor, some legislatures merely revised large sections of the slave codes by substituting the word freedmen for slave. (pg. 448 Nortan) Congress would not stand for such injustice. In 1865 the Freedmens Bureau was established. The Freedmens Bureau is considered by many to be a failure because blacks were living in poverty and were still victims of injustice. Despite the many criticisms, the Freedmens Bureau did help African-Americans gain numerous humanitarian reforms, most importantly the right of education. Slaves had been denied of such simple rights as to read a book at their own will. Education was freedom from slaverys incarcerating ignorance. The federal government and northern reformers of both races assisted this pursuit of education. Given the eventual failure of Reconstruction, the gains that African-Americans made in their daily lives often proved the most enduring. pg 460 Nortan In spite of its achievements, the Freedmens Bureau did not solve the serious economic problems of African Americans. Most of them continued to live in poverty. They also suffered from racist threats and violence and from laws restricting their civil rights. All these problems cast a deep shadow over their new freedom. Violence against African-Americans occurred from the first days of the Reconstructionklansmen rode to frustrate Reconstruction and keep the freedman in subjection. Nighttime harassment whippings, beatings, and murder became common, and terrorism dominated some areas. Nortan Pg. 458 In spite of its achievements, the Freedmens Bureau did not solve the serious economic problems of African Americans. Most of them continued to live in poverty. They also suffered from racist threats and violence and from laws restricting their civil rights. All these problems cast a deep shadow over their new freedom. (http://www.campus. northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/14Ammend.html) Bibliography: (http://www.campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/14Ammend. html) .

What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One Essay Example

What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One Essay If men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This is an extremely powerful quotation that the Inspector leaves us with. Without a doubt these words are very true. In 1914 World War One began and all this fire, blood and anguish became reality. Britain had entered a four-year war that would have an unimaginable effect on her people. Thousands of towns, cities, homes and businesses were destroyed. Millions of people, men the majority, died horrific deaths. Limbs blown off in explosions, bodies burnt alive in scorching heat, shells blasting, bombs lighting up the dark night, poison gas smothering trenches trapping screaming victims below its green deadly surface. One can only imagine the pain, agony and shear devastation and lost of human life. The war ended in 1918 and much of Europe including England was left destroyed. For people like Mr. Birling it was time to rethink. Is it every man for himself? Is community nonsense? This could be one function of the Inspector; to get the Birlings, especially Mr. Birling, to care for others and accept responsibility before it is too late. Only twenty-one years later in 1939 another war broke out in Europe. World War Two lasted for six years, an extra two years of fighting the enemy. In 1945 the war ended. In that same year An Inspector Calls, the play that I will be analysing was written. John Boynton Priestley the author set his play in 1912, before these terrifying events. We will write a custom essay sample on What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is very significant in order for his play to work effectively, as the themes included in the play are one way or another, directly related to this time and the years and events that will follow. An Inspector Calls covers very clearly a variety of different themes and ideas that Priestley is concerned about in society. He uses the Inspector as the main character, or one could say a tool, to express these themes and ideas to the audience. The sort of ideas Priestley is concerned about in society and is trying to show are the aspects of: responsibility, community, lies and truth, honesty and self-deception, equality, social snobbery and double standards. I will be covering these aspects and indeed many more as I progress through this assignment. What inspired Priestley? What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One? The answer lies in his life before the year of 1945. To answer these questions we must first establish and be aware of the following background information. The Edwardian times seemed to be a very exciting and secure time for Britain and many of her people. She was quickly advancing in industry and technology. Her armed forces were also growing and obviously she was extremely wealthy. For the people living in the upper class society times were good however millions were not having such a good time. For the millions struggling there seemed to be no hope, there was no legislation to save workers from exploitation which of course was occurring in factories all over the country and no Welfare State to support these living such a poor life if times were very bad. The Inspector (Priestley in one sense) could see that this is not the right sort of society and that it had to change otherwise severe consequences would follow. The play is based around this Edwardian society and the Inspector tries his best to cover these important issues and express them to the Birlings in order to make them see what it is like for the other people, not just their breed. Priestley was born into a middle class family and did not suffer like the lower classes, however, this doesnt necessarily mean he did not know what was going on or how these people felt. Priestley as a young man spent four years on the battlefield fighting against the Nazi enemy in World War One. During this war Priestley on numerous occasions, narrowly escaped death, this period in his life allowed him to look at life differently and without a doubt he was directly influenced by these experiences. These four years were the platform which he could build upon. Now with his ideas Priestley needed a suitable date to set his play, the most appropriate date was the year 1912. By specifically choosing to write An Inspector Calls after World War Two and by including the material he has done and indeed the Inspector, Priestley could very effectively attract and hold his audience, as many of them felt the way he did and had lived through the wars and shared his experiences. As a result of the wars everyone was brought together. Everyone united as one country and worked together to defeat the Nazis. The children were brought together by evacuations, the women working in factories to produce uniforms and war goods for their men were brought together and of course the men on the battlefields fighting together managed to build a strong relationship among themselves. As a direct result everyone learnt to look after one another and to care for each other, reflecting the fact that; We are all members of one body. as the Inspector would say. The audience now more aware could look at certain characters i. e. Birling and see how wrong he actually is. How does the Inspector represent and present Priestleys central themes or ideas could one say? First I shall establish what Priestleys central themes actually are. His central ideas are the aspects of: responsibilities the responsibilities people can and cannot accept, personally and socially; community the environment people are living in and how it affects them; lies and truth can certain people tell lies and get away with them easily and how some people can tell constant lies whilst some cannot even tell one; honesty and self-deception can people be honest or indeed cannot, if so how can they without being affected in any way, how can they deceive themselves; equality and social snobbery why do some people believe they are superior to others and party; double standards how and why do the men act differently and have different rights than the women and why are they considered less affected by bad news. Mr. Birling believes that a man should make his own way in life, stands on his own two feet and should only look after himself and his family. He says; a man has to make his own way has to look after himself and his family too, of course community and all that nonsense a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own-. This quotation clearly expresses Birlings feelings about community, he believes its nonsense, and he doesnt seem to care for others, only blood relatives and his wife. The audience now looking back to this attitude may well have thought like that before the war but probably have a totally different view after. The Inspector arrives and talks about community, he somehow manages to predict (hence his name Goole supernatural quality) the future and so his view on community is just like the audiences only that he is in the year 1912 whilst the audience are in the year 1945. This is an example of forward thinking and because many members of the audience felt like Priestley he could try to persuade them to take his point of view. This is a very good example of a deliberate attempt made by Priestley to get the audience thinking about this attitude of Birlings and the past, maybe even Priestley himself thought like this before the experiences of the wars. Priestly enables the audience to use their hindsight to reject Birlings opinions because Priestley has made Birling say the Titanic would not sink; the titanic and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable, and there would not be a war Nobody wants war theres too much at stake these days nothing to gain by war, and we as the audience know he is wrong on this, we therefore also reject his other views and thus accept the Inspectors point of view as a result. Mrs. Birling is another example of someone who will not admit personal responsibilities. She clearly does not want to accept any responsibility for the death of Eva Smith. A quote that shows this; father of the child, its his responsibility. We can clearly see that Mrs. Birling is trying to blame the death onto someone else and we begin to gather an image of this woman in our imagination. Another quote that backs up this view is; I accept no blame for it at all. Again Mrs. Birling is refusing responsibility. The audience know that everyone is responsible for one another because they have been shown this through the Inspectors comments. The Inspector talks about social responsibilities. Although Eric and Sheila do show signs of this the Inspector is the one who stands out the most. He says just before he leaves; One Eva Smith is gone but there are millions more Eva Smiths and John Smiths all intertwined with our lives We are all members of one body what we do affects others. This quotation is very important. The Inspector says these words because he is very aware of the fact that war will occur in the future which will cause the people no matter what position in society or class to come together, everyone will be responsible for one other, there will be no superior individuals. The audience will most certainly agree with the comment as they too just like Priestly have lived through the wars and are very much aware of the changes that are going to happen. The upper class community at the time was very formal. There were successful businessmen and their very snobby wives who were totally dependent on their husbands business. There were frequent dinner parties where these upper class people met, and obviously their conversations were dominated by business. The Inspector enters on the stage during one of these parties. The upper class people were very shocked to find out if someone in their community misbehaved; it was more likely to be a lower class person who did so. Mrs. Birling shows this when she discovers that someone she thought was a respectful citizen actually frequently abuses young women, she says; (staggered) well, really! Alderman Meggarty I must say, we are learning something tonight. This quotation with the direction staggered shows that Mrs. Birling is clearly shocked and amazed that this man is carrying out these activities on young women and also she is ignorant of the activities that are happening in the upper class society. Imagine the Inspector being a sharp object i. e. a pin and the Birlings are being protected by an invisible shield i. e. a bubble that only contains ignorance and what ever they want it to contain, the Inspector pops this bubble and the truth about the world rushes in. The Birlings are pretty much so protected from the terrible world and the Inspector is pouring these terrible facts onto them, exposing them. This could be another function; to present the facts to the Birlings, to make them see the truth about the real world and so learn from what they are doing. The Inspector manages to expose some of the characters double standards, Mrs. Birling being a good example. She says to her daughter Sheila; Girls of that class in response to an opinion of Sheilas, one which shows signs of sympathy towards Eva. Mrs. Birling also says; .. As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money! in response to one of the questions the Inspector asks, showing that Mrs. Birling is an upper class snob who could not possibly have feelings or consideration for other classes of people. She believes she is so much better and more superior to others, she is totally stuck up, mocking others from her over hanging, protective bubble. When the war ended especially the First World War everyone including people like Mrs. Birling, were refreshed i. e. reminded that humans are one species and there is no reason why some of them should feel or believe that they are more superior to others. The war if you like was a warning or indication of some sort from somebody and was a deliberate event to make society realise what it has become. Another function of the Inspector is to try to warn the Birlings that if society will not change then war will follow. Priestley himself is using the Inspector as a tool to do this. Each character in the play has an individual personality and of course their personal view on different matters will be very different from others, in one sense each of the Birlings can represent each member of an upper class society. Some characters tell lies whilst others admit the truth straight away. In my view Eric and Sheila are very alike and are the sort of people who would admit to the truth straight away with no hesitation although Sheila is more honest. Gerald and Mr. and Mrs. Birling seem to me to be a little more difficult to get the truth out of. The Inspector very cunningly manages to get a confession or something with significance out of all the characters one way or another, for example he leaves Sheila and Gerald to talk alone whilst he is listening to the conversation and waiting for that key confession. Sheila and Mr. Birling say their part in the role of Eva Smiths death with little persuasion, although Mr. Birling needs to be convinced occasionally. Quotes that show the characters lying, telling the truth, being honest or being deceiving are (Gerald lying); And I have already told you I was awfully busy at the works all that time. We later discover that Gerald was actually having an affair not working at his works. Gerald clearly is feeling nothing when he says this even though he is lying to his fiance and deceiving himself. Sheila shows honesty and responsibility when she confesses that she got Eva Smith sacked from Milwards. She does not hesitate and takes responsibility for her role in the death of Eva Smith. The quotes that show her honesty is when she says; (miserably) so I am really responsible? this quotation is showing that Sheila is felling guilt for her participation in the death of Eva Smith. Also; Im trying to tell the truth. This quotation is showing that Sheila is someone who is honest, kind and caring unlike her mother. The Inspector has in one way done a good thing by introducing this news, he has made the Birlings, Sheila in particular, realise that things terrible do happen, for example the suicide of Eva Smith, and if you have been responsible somehow then you should accept the consequences that await. Sheila explains what happened freely, and throughout she shows signs of guilt. Sheila is an honest person unlike her fiance Gerald who needs persuasion to admit his role in the death. Mr. Birling being a businessman like Gerald has similar opinions (these two characters represent all upper class businessmen) and so when the Inspector and Eric try to make Mr. Birling feel responsible he obviously tries to blame it onto the girl and Gerald backs him up. The quote that shows this is when he says; Rubbish! If you dont come down on some of this people they will soon be asking for the earth. Gerald replies I should think so! These quotations show that Mr Birlings honest opinion is to be tough and harsh to the employees if they ask for more so that you do not show weakness. It also shows that he feels strongly about this as he has used said this view in a loud manor (exclamation mark shows this). Is this view wrong? Should he be saying this? Priestley is trying to get the audience thinking about these aspects he is concerned about and he uses the Inspector or numerous occasions very effectively to get these views out of the characters. Mrs. Birling as I mentioned before doesnt want to accept responsibility for Eva Smiths death. When the Inspector asks her questions, she could be considered a liar as she says; Ive done nothing wrong and you know it. Mrs. Birling has done something wrong however she cannot admit it this quotation is showing that she is in fact lying. The Inspector is using what the characters have done in the past to question against them and to see how much they can tolerate, he in one way winds them up by going against what they think is right. There are frequent examples throughout this play that show that the men are more able to accept bad news. Mr. Birling and his wife try to protect their young daughter from the suicide on numerous occasions one such occasion is when Mr. Birling says to the Inspector; (angrily) there is not the slightest reason why my daughter should be brought into this unpleasant business. Mr. Birling does not want his daughter to be exposed to the horrible truth of life, at least not at the moment. Again there are examples throughout the play that show that the men are more likely to have a sexual relationship before marriage and it is considered natural, unlike for the upper class women who are not allowed or presumed not too. Priestley doesnt believe that women should be protected we can tell this because he uses the Inspector who says in affect that there is no reason why Sheila should not hear the truth. He says to Sheila when Mr. Birling tells her to run along; No, wait a minute Miss Birling, in other words he wants Sheila to be involved in the conversation.

Geometry and Its Relation to Video Games

Geometry and Its Relation to Video Games Free Online Research Papers The definition of the word â€Å"Geometry† is a surprisingly short one. The definition is the mathematics of the properties, measurement, and relationships of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids. It sounds like a fairly complete definition, but it really isn’t. Geometry expands on so much more than that. Geometry is everywhere in our every day lives. Everything we look at, every second of the day has at least some kind of geometric property to it, for example, the I-Pod you use everyday. That thing is chock-full of geometry. The screen is a rectangle, one of the most basic geometric shapes there is. The pixels that make up that screen are little squares which consist of 3 small rectangles facing vertically. The three rectangles use the 3 base colors, Red, Green, and Blue, which are individually lit at different brightness’s to create a shade of color, and all the other pixels on the screen work in conjunction with each other to produce one image on the screen. It’s a very fascinating subject. Without modern geometry, the I-pod wouldn’t exist, or if it did, it would most likely look far different from what it does now. Geometry is believed to have been discovered back in 30,000BC, by our ancient ancestors. It all started with Paleolithic peoples in central Europe and France recording numbers on bones. Then as the years went on, the Babylonians and the Egyptians had their own things going on as well. The Egyptians started using hieroglyphic numerals, and the Babylonians started using a sexagesimal number system for recording financial transactions. Then later, the abacus was developed, and more astounding events in mathematical history came to being. Video games have been using geometry for decades. They have been using them in abstract and non-abstract ways. The first games to use geometry were the old Two-Dimensional arcade games we all knew and love back in the late 70’s and 80’s. An example would be old school Atari, and another example would be the old NES. Those used simple 8-bit graphics systems which consisted of little squares of different colors, which when combined in the right fashion, created well defined shapes and characters. We also can’t forget about the old arcade games we used to play, like Battlezone, which came out in 1980. That game was heavily reliant on geometry. That game used little triangles, trapezoids, and squares to create Three-Dimensional looking tanks and objects. There is also another golden oldie that most people know about and play more than once a week. The game is called Tetris. It was originally conceived by a man named Alexey Pajitnov, and was released in 1985. It is a favorite amongst many people across the world. It involves using irregular geometric shapes created by sequences of squares joined together. The objective is to form an uninterrupted line of squares across one area of the playing field to continue the game, and get points. You can rotate these shapes to have them fit into the empty gaps the way you want them to, in order to strategically form a line. This game used geometry in a very simple way, but nowadays geometry is used in a far, far more sophisticated way than ever before. Now we have Pixel Shaders, Anisotropic Filtering, and Dynamic Shadows and the huge multitude of complex things that make modern video games, such as Call of Duty 3 or the upcoming title, â€Å"Crysis†, look as good as they do. With the upgrades in hardware that game consoles have received over the years, it’s no surprise to the tech geeks, and non-geeks alike, that games are looking more and more lifelike every day. With these huge advances in hardware technology, it brings whole new ways to the table, to utilize geometry towards the development of video games. A video game will start off as a concept, then advance into the first few lines of code that start its primary development. A video game cannot become a video game unless it has a graphics engine. The graphics engine consists of all the lines of code and data needed in order to make use of all this amazing hardware technology and most importantly, geometry. The way geometry is used, is actually simpler than it seems. First it starts out with the Software Development Kit that is used to make the game. The artists who use the Software Development Kit have to create the Maps, or Environments that the player will be playing in through the duration of the game. Everything in a video game starts out as a wire frame model. This wire frame model is made up of a huge multitude of polygons. The amount of polygons in the model depends on the complexity of the graphics engine and what platform the game is intended for. For example, a game that is to be released on the Xbox360 would have a lot of polygons in the models. A game to be released on the Playstation2 would have a much lower amount of polygons in the models because there is far less rendering power in the Playstation2 than there is in the Xbox360. It takes a lot of power to render all those polygons and texture them, and add all the lighting for the environment, and add shaders, and everyt hing that goes into making a final output image. The characters of the video game go through a very similar process. They are all made up of a wire frame as well. These are called player models. Player Models have the thousands of polygons, the other models do not. There are fewer polygons around the leg area, fewer around the stomach, but far, far more as you go up and once you get to the face you won’t be able to count them anymore. There used to be very few polygons in Player Models. As the years went on however, the amount of polygons kept increasing to the beautiful graphics we have today. Geometry is also used in movies too. In order to create the mind blowing special effects we see in Sci-Fi films, the same principles are used. You use a Software Development kit, and then you create a wire frame model of what you want to do, then finish it by adding lighting and shaders to the scene, and texturing your wire frame. This has been a procedure used by all the special effects companies such as Industrial Light and Magic and Weta Digital. One of the first major CGI characters to use geometry in order for it to come to the screen was the water face in the movie called, â€Å"The Abyss†. It was revolutionary It’s amazing how much geometry there is in this world, and how much of it we don’t notice. It’s not like we neglect to notice, we just can’t notice because of all of our other daily concerns whether it be getting to work on time, or just simply going to sleep. There is so much to still be discovered in Geometry; uses for it, new shapes, and many other things. It is just a matter of time before we discover it all, and there is nothing left. Research Papers on Geometry and It’s Relation to Video GamesThe Hockey GameAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Spring and AutumnHip-Hop is Art

Critique the Financial Analysis and Research Paper

Critique the Financial Analysis and - Research Paper Example and 122 in Canada. The company employs over 361,000 associates in the United States (Yahoo, 2013). In the U.S. there are about 5,000 department stores with combined revenue of about $120 billion annually (Target, 2012). In the U.S. the discount department store industry is highly concentrated with the eight largest companies accounting for almost 100% of revenues. Wal-Mart and Target are leading the pack. In this industry the main factors driving demand are consumer spending related to economic outlook and population growth. In order to remain profitable in this highly competitive industry driven by ever lower margins companies depend on efficient supply chain management, high volumes, effective merchandising and competitive pricing in order to maintain profitability. Target is following an industry trend of adding and converting major markets stores into supercenters which combine traditional general merchandise with a fully stocked grocery store to help drive store traffic, since c ustomers spend more on groceries more than any other product category (Hoover’s First Research, 2013). 2) There are significant business challenges in this industry which dictate the success of its major players. The industry is characterized by its dependence on high volumes and extremely low operating margins. In order to keep prices low the industry has a heavy dependence on imports in most of their key merchandise categories. In general terms gross margin percentages for discount department stores can be 10-20% lower than traditional department stores. Although there is also growing recent and resistance from communities that perceives giant discounters as a major threat to their local economy and small business community. In terms of economic growth for the industry it is forecast to grow at an annual rate of 1% from 2013-2017 (Hoover’s First Research). We will analyze Target Corp. for its fiscal year ended 2/2/2013 and compare it with the industry averages in terms of overall financial performance, financial ratio analysis and investment potential. In order to gauge the company’s liquidity we will analyze the quick ratio as well as their debt to equity ratio and compare it with the industry. We will look at the inventory turnover ratio to gauge operational efficiency and inventory management compared with the industry. In order to measure management effectiveness, shareholders returns and profitability we will analyze the price/earnings ratio, return on equity, earnings per share and net profit margin versus industry averages (Yahoo). Target Industry Average Quick Ratio .54 .50 Debt to Equity Ratio 91.53 67.6 Inventory Turnover Ratio 6.4 4.4 P/E Ratio 17.24 15.8 Return on Equity 14.84% 11.3% Earnings per Share 3.74 5.2 Net Profit Margin 4.17% 2.7 4) As one of the most successful discount department stores, Target must be extremely efficient in their operations in order to remain profitable. Target has a slightly higher debt to eq uity ratio compared with industry average. The company is effectively managing its levels of financial leverage in order to increase shareholder benefits and maximize growth and stock performance. By analyzing the company's quick ratio it demonstrates that the company has maintained an above average level of liquidity to meet their short and long term liabilities as compared with

Discussion of the problems in monetary control that the Bank of Essay

Discussion of the problems in monetary control that the Bank of England faces - Essay Example The second issue is exogeneity. This is because existing models of money demand have traditionally treated explanatory variables in theoretical money demand functions as exogenously given (or determined elsewhere). However, consistent estimates of the parameters of the money demand functions are easy to be retrieved (Thomas 1997, p.2). Thomas (1997, p.46) also found out that increases in the stock of money have a strong short-term impact on consumption which conquers the effects of real interest rates. Despite that money is treated as an indicator of economic circumstances facing households, households' response to a variety of economic shocks is a complex dynamic interaction of money, credit and expenditure that interpretation of these shocks' effects on broad money cannot be simply made. As Thomas' study results suggest that there is a strong interaction between personal sector holdings of M4 and consumption, factoring consumption patterns into money demand and supply determination may ease the problem on monetary control. Another solution to the problem is the use of the Divisia money concept.

Cultural Diversity in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Diversity in Organizations - Essay Example He states that the goal of managing diversity is "maximizing the ability of all employees to contribute to organization goals and to achieve their full potential unhindered by group identities, such as gender, race, nationality, age and departmental affiliation" (p 11). Cox also believes that diverse work teams are more creative and innovative and they consider more and better alternatives in decision making. Although Thomas believes that organizations should move beyond race and gender issues when considering diversity, racial/ethnic diversity is an important element of building a diverse organization. Globalization -- through the increased mobility of people, economic liberalization, new communication technologies, and industry consolidation -- is highlighting the importance of cultural diversity within and between states. In 1999, in addition to its ongoing work and building on the foundation of its "Our Creative Diversity" (1995) and Stockholm Action Plan (1998), UNESCO held a number of events to further explore key cultural diversity issues: a symposium on pluralism (January 1999), a conference on cultural diversity and trade (June, 1999), and a Round Table of Ministers of Culture "Culture and Creativity in a Globalised World" in November 2000. The G-7, in their summit declaration on Principles for an Information Society in Brussels in 1995, recognized the importance of preserving linguistic and cultural diversity in new and emerging technologies. Since its inception in 1949, the Council of Europe has developed its cultural activities around defending and extending a plurality of cultural identities. In 1998, the OAS approved the Inter-American Program of Culture, designed to support the efforts being undertaken by member states and foster cooperation between them in the areas of cultural diversity, dissemination and protection of cultural heritage, human resource training, creativity incentives, and promotion of cultural tourism. The U.S. government recognizes that culture and cultural difference have a major impact on foreign policy - from issues ranging from trade to ethnicity to gender. Recent discussions about cultural diversity in the Administration reveal a recognition that the U.S.'s status as an international cultural powerhouse gives it the potential to overpower other national cultures. One of the few exceptions to the generalization of cultural diversity involves the proscription of turbans in a workforce that uses helmets as part of their normal work (Sherwood v. Brown, 1980) unwarranted. In 1992 and 1994 the CEO of the oldest French multinational, Saint-Gobain, emphasized that the strategy of a multinational is deeply influenced by the nationality of its main shareholders. For him, in their relationship to their customers and to their workforce, multinationals can learn from national differences but also can try to transcend them, and the trend is towards more convergence. A good example of this promising path is given by the changes achieved in the early 1990s by Renault's automobile plant in Slovenia, whose workers dramatically increased both productivity and quality. One must judge between those corporations that deliberately tried to build a genuine language and culture (e.g., IBM) and of those that take cultural diversit

Barriers of Cross Communication

Barriers of Cross Communication Abstracts As the rapid growth of economic and social development, every organization extending their business outside countries. Therefore, every organization must comprehend the culturally diverse. That means to communicate with other people from different background. However, due to different culture or background, sometimes it becomes hard to implement to manage all issues related to cross communication. Nevertheless, every organisation should make practical way how to enhance the cross communication in their firms. Through this assignment I will address the barriers of the cross communication. How overcome to the barriers. After that I will discuss about two theories of cross communication. After deeply analysis will learn what barriers come to cross communication on works place. In addition. How various culture influence peoples thinking and behaving. How we can improve our capability to communicate with different background. What are the barriers to effective cross cultural communication? How these might be surmounted? Cross cultural communication is very essential for evolution and enhancement in globalization. The success key of various business firms is to be effective cross cultural communication. Therefore, this is imperative for any firms to perceive the culturally diverse in their working place. However there are many barriers to effective communication. Misunderstanding There is no doubt that misunderstanding is the preeminent barrier in business environment. People have vary in culture and language. As a result variations in different culture can conduct the high level of anxiety and uncertainty can end up into the misunderstanding. Therefore misunderstand raise due to anxiety and uncertainty. Value and beliefs Every person have different values and beliefs. Today era, every person believes depends on his region, culture and language. If organization firms do not understand their employees values and beliefs result must have barriers in cross communication at workplace.ÂÂ   In order to make communication channel effectively and efficiently, an organisation should be known the importance of values and beliefs to other cultures person. Languages Sometimes it seems common when misunderstanding create among people who speak same language. Therefore, it is not astounding that people who belong to the other region, culture and linguistic backgrounds can lead misunderstanding. Moreover, mispronunciation of a word to a lack of specificity can face communications barriers.ÂÂ   When people speak language intangibly in any organisation, receivers will take huge time to comprehend. Stereotypes- Stereotypes is extremely considerable barrier to effective communication. It is an assumptions when person make about others person based on their culture, race, gender, nationality, ethnicity. Basically stereotypes are raise due to lack of knowledge and fear about other person. Stereotypes occurs when a person does not communicate well due to feeling self-conscious or shy of his perceived minority and culture. For Example The common issues is Black and white in USA. Ethnocentrism- Generally it categorized the culture as us and them. The person who belong to same culture are classify in a group and other culture out of group. It always give the priority to in group. There is a misunderstanding that other culture out of group as junior or inferior. Therefore it judge the another persons culture based upon the standards and values. For instance a business owner may be exclaim to his foreigner client and might call him moron due to his different race, gender, culture and nationality. Presentation Style- Sometimes, it depends on culture influences, how people from different countries prefer to receive the information. For instance prepare your presentation according to the culture to which you present. Mostly, European opt their presentation like formal, highlighted with details and minor interruption, Moreover discussion at the end of the presentation.ÂÂ   Cultures like English speaking their presentation are interesting and interactive. In general Japaneses prefer more technical background presentation. Therefore, you cant rely upon your personal framework or presentation. Whenever you addressing the audiences for different background, work according to them or their culture. Overcoming Communication Barriers. Notwithstanding, we have pile of barriers. In order to avoid these barriers and make clear cross commination channel in various effective way. Cross Culture awareness. We need to have enhance the awareness of about different culture. To comprehend the foreign culture differences, values, custom and beliefs. After that, we will be able to perceive other cultures and overcoming barriers. Knowledge of international Language. We can enlarge our skills, in addition to learn international language. I personally, believe that culture and language is correlated with each other. For instance my friend form India, he has further plan to do higher studies form Germany. Therefore he is taking the classes for Germanys culture and language. As a result, no problem will be created for him to communicate with Germans people. Moreover the extra learning will allow to him, how to give respect to other cultures and language. Before communication, Clarifying Idea- It must be very clear that if you are sending the information to other background people in business. Your objective and purpose of the communication must be well known what you passing the information to the others and arranging whole the information in effective manner. Until and unless, youre main idea is not clear behind the whole conversation. The whole information will get into trouble Be a Good listener- It has duties for both like sender and receiver that must be a good listener. Sender and receiver, both should have patience, pay attention what they say to each other. Hereby be a good listener can prevent the barriers of cross communication. Avoid traditional thinking Though, you want you improve your thinking abilities you must condone traditional thinking. To allow yourself to get extra knowledge about various way of thinking and comprehend differences. Be a polite and straight forward in communication. This obstacles can avoid the misunderstanding in cross communication. At sum-up, Ill must say, deeper knowledge of any culture should be mandatory for everyone. Not only in business sector but also in personal life. Because if you are planning to move in other foreign country, it will help to earn extra bonus with you career. Try to learn, understand other culture no matter what person is or from where they belong. Express your word, message or information clearly in a polite way. Dont be rude with other cultures people and try to show you willingness that we want to know or understand about your culture. Hereby this willing, deeper knowledge can help us to negative impact on cross communication. Identify at least two theories of cross culture communication that can shed light on your own experiences of communicating across cultures. What do these theory explain?ÂÂ   What do they explain to fail? First theory of cross culture communication. Introduction Primarily I will discuss about Face negotiation theory which is formulated by S. Ting Toomey, professor of human communication at California state university. The theory described about to maintain a face in the society can be part of differences in handling conflicts. How culture differences in people influences to managing the conflicts. Culture differences respond to the conflicts in the society. Generally, it is an idea to maintain a face according to every individual culture. Because face is an identity that every individual keep up in the society as a self-image. Face represents as himself/herself in the society. Two types of people is there, first is Collectivistic and second is individualistic. There are few reason of Face negotiation. 1. Anxiety over self-image and other -image. The value of face for person is necessary to understand and how can be important to maintain a face which reflects to the others. 2. Those who belong to the collectivistic culture, generally they ignore and connect to the conflicts. On the other hand individualistic people, they dominant the conflicts as to maintain the independent image in the society. 3. Every individual has statues in the society. Collectivistic people are born into certain statues whereas individualistic people are less concerned. There are 5 type of conflicts styles. Domination Indivualistic people approach never bow down. Integrating work together and try to reach the solution, standpoint by individual people. Obliging- Collectivistic people approach giving up and do what other says. Avoiding- A collectivistic view, stay away from conflicts. Compromising to come to a solution as individualistic view. Examples for Face Negotiation theory According to S. Toomey, people face a conflict situations has different form indiualstic people and collectivistic people. Western people are individualistic in nature. On the other hand collectivistic in nature. Individualistic people try to solve in trouble situation and never bow down. Whereas collectivistic people try to avoid the trouble situation and keep away themselves. Different culture have different meaning for instance. A good eye contact as a good gesture of attention and respect in western countries. However in eastern or Asian countries, they take it as rudeness. Moreover, some what I am against this theory that according to S. Toomey words. Individualistic culture (Western people), never give and Collectivistic culture (Eastern Asian), compromise with the words. Drawbacks of face negotiating theory. Indivualisitic culture belongs to the the western countries, while eastern countries have collectivistic culture. In spite of culture difference doesnt explain properly the person behaviour. Many people form Eastern or Asian countries living in western countries as permanent residence. Sometimes they follow the same culture like individualistic culture or collective culture vice-versa. Due to globalization, the theory was less applicable For further search of theory. She found that collectivist culture can also be self-protective like Japaneses people. The theory was updated many times. The latest up gradation was in 2005 I admit, some what I am against this theory that according to S. Toomey words. Individualistic culture (Western people), never give and Collectivistic culture (Eastern Asian), compromise with the words. As an international student I am in Canada, I was making plan to come in Canada 2013. Due to financial issues I was not able. After completion my graduation. I joined company. I gathered my self-earning. In 2016 I applied and came here. What I have learnt to my situation that never bow down to any conflicts. As I belong to Asian countries. According to S. Toomey theory collectivistic culture people like to stay away to trouble situation. One More example, I have that I met two one person in Canada , one is from South Africa and other, he is from Surrey, BC, Canada. Both they are following SIKH religion. Therefore, it doesnt matter from where you are and sometimes culture differences dont explain properly about your personal behaviour. 2nd Theory The second theory I will discuss about culture diversity. Generally, we knows globalization is increasing more and more, here upon it requires more interaction with people from values, believes, background, language, culture diverse. Nowadays we are the part of every country economic. Therefore every company require diversity to exchange more ideas, innovation and become more creative.ÂÂ   The basic concept of these theory explain about two phases of effect. It has positive and negative impact on team output. The positive impact bring culture diversity and reflect on probable productivity. It brings different culture together to create a peace and brotherhood. Somewhat members of other groups share their beliefs, festive and culture expression. For Example. On Chinese and Indian Festival Occasion, Canadian university organize their festive like Chineses New Year, Diwali and Holy and so on. As a result they exchange their culture experience with each other. In contrast It has negative impact, so far as it brings complexity between each other culture and not easy to manage. Culture diversity can be double edge sword, if we will not managed on workplace. It is undoubted that Drawbacks of Culture Diversity. The first drawback of the theory is attitudinal problem which are dislike and mistrust. We cant ignore theses two issues even in cross communication. Because every society has own identity and culture. Sometimes we first meet with any other culture they express themselves own their culture way. For example. When person from western culture meet and greet to other person, they will kiss check. In Middle East countries People greet you to say, SALAAM. Every society has own culture style for greeting. Therefore some time we dont used to with these style. It feels like you strange. But some people dislike this way which is totally different from their culture. The second disadvantages of culture diversity theory is pronunciation problem. It includes misunderstanding, inefficiency and inaccuracy. For Example many people dont familiar with other cultures language. Sometime they dont understand, what other people say. For example as an international student I am here in Canada. I am not familiar with few English words or sometime I cant pronounce some words properly. I am working in gas station as part time. Once day customer came and demanding for one product MM peanut and I didnt get his words and thinking he wants Eminem peanut. Personally I realized my pronunciation was not good to comprehend the word MM. this issues can be common. This kind of issues can be create misunderstanding and misconception between two people from different background. What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communication in international? Personally I believe, cross communication is very important not only in business organization but also in personal life. It play a significant role to create a smooth bridge and link between the countries. Cross communication brings new ideas, creativity, exchanging, cooperation and innovation. Various strategies or ideas will make every firm more and more creative, productive. Moreover In a company has different employee from different culture. Different employee can be authorised for specific work. Person can be assigned to solve those problem which is related to his or her culture background. As a result business will run smoothly and effectively. Besides every organisation enhancing their business outside the home countries like Vodafone, Tata, Reliance, and Nokia and so on. To order to maintain or make successful business. Every company must to comprehend how to operate business in international level in effective way. For example Ernest and Young an Audit firm it has so many branches across the world. It hire different employee form different background. Nevertheless, cross culture communication in an organisation is not easy to handle. It could be obstacles for any business in international market First barriers is Language and second is various thinking pattern.ÂÂ   Sometime it become harder to manage, when people from different culture society and working together. Every person has own view and thoughts. An organisation should considering some ways to manage cross communication. First to set up the aims that every employee should make efforts to achieve it. That means everyone from different background has same goals and rewards. Therefore no conflicts of cross communication will come up. Second, every organisation start to give different language training that everyone will allow to go to international market for dealing and developing new markets with other cultures people to maintain a cross communication. To Sum up, although many research has been done to overcome the barriers of cross communication, How to resolve the problem of cross communication. Because a cross communication channel is a reflection to change world. Cross culture communication has enormous benefits and associated by creating impartial and secure atmosphere where everyone has equal prejudice to access the same opportunities and challenges. Cross Communication can be assets or liabilities for us what we opt. It is depend on us. In my opinion, try to learn and consider to other background people to make it effective and relationship.

The Horizons of Theory: Jameson, Marxism, and Poststructuralism Essay

The Horizons of Theory: Jameson, Marxism, and Poststructuralism Fredric Jameson's The Political Unconscious is a work which crosses theories' boundaries, which walks (or polices?) Marxism's border on poststructuralism. It may easily be read as a refutation of poststructuralism, or as an embrace of it; as a flight from Marxism (though under its own banner), or as its theoretical redemption – this is not a contradiction (we might read Jameson as replying), but a dialectical, productive exploration of the tension between these philosophies. Indeed, Jameson's exposition of his Marxist hermeneutic may be taken as a reply (from within a discourse he perceives as Marxism) to the poststructuralisms of Jacques Derrida and Gilles Deleuze, and as a conversation with the structural Marxism he calls "Althusserian"; but Jameson attempts to reconcile these views with the Marxist tradition. We may read The Political Unconscious as positing a mode of reading which is acceptable to – or which subsumes – both a "demystifying" Marxism and the ap oria or irreducible contradiction of deconstruction; but in so doing, as Jameson perhaps realizes, the text is drawn into the clear contradictions between these theories, and only partially resolves (or evades) them. The central thesis of The Political Unconscious is the presence of History as the "untranscendable" or "absolute horizon of all reading and all interpretation" (17). We may immediately note that this "untranscendable presence" apparently contradicts deconstruction's mistrust of all presences within and behind texts, to say nothing of Derrida's derisive references to "transcendence." To look for History in the text, to find the hidden meaning of History through it, would evidently not be a sa... ...rificing the individual text to a broader structural analysis – "that a Marxist cultural study can hope to play its part in political praxis, which remains, of course, what Marxism is all about" (299). It is revealing (from a Marxist standpoint) that this final aside marks the only reference to concrete political involvement in the volume; perhaps more tellingly, The Political Unconscious treats this sacrifice of the traditional, individualistic literary text as a price which, however unfortunately, must be paid (in order to satisfy the demands of Marxism). But as a reconciliation of the poststructuralist, anti-transcendent insistence on specificity with some of the theoretical imperatives of Marxist cultural thought, The Political Unconscious remains a breakthrough; and as a proposal of a newly political, poststructuralist historicism, it is undeniably persuasive.

On the amtrak from Boston to New York City Essay

The situation of the poem is described in the title â€Å"On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City,† was about a white woman and a person with a Native American background who were on a train together. What was being taken place when the speaker is meditating about the â€Å"white† woman they were having a conversations with other passengers, including an older white woman about the brief history of the city as they pass landmarks of the Native American Culture. The subject of the conversation had to do with the frustration the man had with the woman being ignorant about what land was taken away from him and his ancestors. He had brought her orange juice because it was stated right after in the next sentence he respects all elders it could have been out of kindness. That shows that the character is being bigger than himself he himself knows that being rude to this woman will now solve anything. The idea of Don Henley really made Alexie mad do to the fact that Native Americans inhabited the lands long before anyone else. Throughout the poem Alexie continues to talk to himself and use profanity whenever the white women would bring up the â€Å"white† men. For instance, when the woman asks him about Walden Pond. He says, â€Å"‘I don’t give a shit about Walden. I know the Indians were living stories around that pond before Walden’s grandparents were born†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Using profanity here represents Alexie’s outrage at the woman’s ignorance. He continues: â€Å"I’m tired of hearing about Don-fucking-Henley saving it, too†¦ If Don Henley’s family hadn’t come here in the first place then nothing would need to be saved.† Again, the use of profanity shows Alexie’s anger as a Native American whose family had been pushed out of their land. The perspective the speaker makes his judgment about the historicity and values of Thoreau’s Pond from first person from his perspective. The speakers opinion of what he thinks of the â€Å"white† history is that his peoples stories and land were taken away from them they were over powered by the white man and were not able to continue there history. Along with what they had created historically the white man would take credit for it. The poem â€Å"On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City,† by Sherman Alexie was about a white woman and a person with a Native American background who were on a train together. This is an interesting poem, because it provides a new outlook on our country as it is today, from a Native American. Alexie appears to wish other races would leave his country. He refers to all other races as, â€Å"the enemy† and believes his biggest challenge every day is simply dealing with â€Å"the enemy.† Due to all that happened to the Native Americans in the past Alexie believes his people were treated harshly, which I agree with. â€Å"Blue Winds Dancing† The story tells of a young Native American’s struggle with growing up in America. The struggle of the character exists because of the ancient Indian thought conflicting with our American expectations. The attitudes the speakers expresses are frustration or anger and how they both wish they could have there home back but it was taken away by the â€Å"whites.† For blue winds dancing the internal monologues as the narrator searches for his identity and copes with society, respectively. As for â€Å"On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City† the internal monlogues is expressed through frutration from the whites taking away land.

Universal Health Insurance essays

Universal Health Insurance essays In a country with arguably the best medical and scientific research facilities in the world, it is an anomaly that an estimated 44 million Americans do not have the resources for adequate medical care. In fact, the United States holds the dubious honor of being the only advanced industrial nation that does not offer a socialized system of medicine, one that gives its citizens access to universal health care. The growing number of uninsured Americans is a silent crisis that can have long-term effects on society. This paper argues that to avoid this crisis, the United States government must provide a universal health care system, making preventive and medical health treatment available for all The first part of this paper looks at the extent of this problem. The next part then discusses the many factors that contribute to the rise in the number of uninsured Americans. This section argues that contrary to conventional wisdom that uninsured people are lazy, many uninsured Americans are actually hardworking people who simply could not afford money In the second part, the paper evaluates proposals for health care reform, with a special focus on providing universal health insurance. This paper evaluates arguments presented against universal health care, and then looks at the success of such programs in Canada. In the conclusion, the paper argues that similar programs are sorely needed in the United States According to figures from the United States Census Bureau, the percent of uninsured Americans rose to 15 percent of the total United States population. This represents the greatest margin of increase in the past Another survey commissioned by the Kaiser Foundation and the television program Newshour with Jim Lehrer has uncovered more disturbing trends. In 2000, there were an estimated 44 million Americans who were living without any health insura...

A Narrative Account Of A Multilingual Informant The WritePass Journal

A Narrative Account Of A Multilingual Informant Introduction A Narrative Account Of A Multilingual Informant ). Despite the differing opinions given by many multilingual individuals, multilingualism should be promoted in order to enhance effective communication in the international community as the participant clearly depicted the various relevancies of her learning several languages. It has been clear that her ability to communicate in different languages has enabled her to overcome various social difficulties she faced during her past and present. This will help in reducing the problem of the language barrier in foreign countries. References Anthias, F., 2001. The concept of Social Division and Theorising Social Stratification: Looking at Ethnicity and Class, Sociology, 35(4), 835-854. Dewaele, J. 2012. Multilingualism, empathy, and multicompetence. International Journal of Multilingualism: 1–15. Housen, A., Kuiken, F., 2009. Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Second Language Acquisition, Applied Linguistics, 30 (4), 461-473. Louise, P. P., 2010. A sociolinguistic study of language use and identity amongst Galician young adults, University of Birmingham, M.Phil. Thesis. Montaruli, E., Bourhis, R. Y. Azurmendi, M. J., 2011. Identity, language, and ethnic relations in the Bilingual Autonomous Communities of Spain. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 15, 94–121. Thorne, S. L., Black, R. W. Sykes, J. M., 2009.   Second Language Use, Socialization, and Learning in Internet Interest Communities and Online Gaming. The Modern Language Journal, 93, 802–821. Wolff, Ekkehard 2000. Language and Society. In: Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse (Eds.) African Languages An Introduction, 317. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

Summary of support group meeting that focuses on mental health needs, Assignment

Summary of support group meeting that focuses on mental health needs, eg. depression etc - Assignment Example In a situation where she would not manage to access it, she had to go home or eat whatever was available, but the desire to eat would height. The worst problem was that she only craved for junks, a situation that resulted in uncontrolled weight gained, which made it very difficult for her to walk for long distances, run or even participate in activities that required physical strength. The meeting had eight members and each individual had a different story to share concerning their eating disorder, and how their families were tirelessly seeking ways through which they would help them solve the problem. I felt a sense of belonging, because I was among individuals that completely comprehended what I was going through and they were willing to share and engage each one of us in finding a solution to the problem that we were facing. I thought for a while, why it took so long to join the group, but I realized as most other members revealed that I lived in denial that I did not have a problem. I feel grateful to the people that encouraged me to take the step of engaging in the group therapy, because it helped me deal with the problem of isolation and stereotype that people who did not understand what I was going through displayed. As Halter and Varcarolis (2014) assert, group therapy offers quality ground on which people facing a similar issue can share their experiences and strategize ways to deal with the

Social Policy Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Policy Bachelor - Essay Example However 'secondary education for all' did come about after a fashion under the 1944 Act. Education in Britain as changed greatly since World War II, mainly due to the 1944 Education Act, which made secondary education free and compulsory until the age of 15 years. The views taken of education and its importance in national, economic and political terms have varied a great deal since then with each new government: there have been many good intentions but too few initiatives taken to achieve the ideal system. Unfortunately this means that, unless you are white, male, middle class and non-handicapped, the institution of the school may not be very helpful to your development, and your days at school may be remembered as a time of prejudice, frustration and lost opportunities. The immediate post-war period in Britain constituted a new way of thinking about public and private life. There were many promises heralding a better life for everyone, including the provision of free, compulsory secondary education: public education came to be seen as a 'bastion of national recovery' ( Gosden, 1983). Three types of school were suggested: grammar, technical and secondary modern with grammar schools continuing to be seen as superior and biased towards middle-class boys. The 1959 Crowther Report recommended raising the school leaving age to 16 years, the introduction of comprehensive school and a new exam below GCE level -- however, these moves towards equal opportunities were not completed until the 1970s. Similarly, the 1983 Newsom Report argued that pupils of below average ability should receive a greater share of resources, and recommended improved teacher training. From the 1960s onwards, education was seen more and more in the context of economics an instrument of national interest rather than personal fulfilment. Education became more and more under central (and parental) control in the 1980s -- the 1980 Education Act made it no longer the duty of LEAs to provide free school meals, and introduced parental scrutiny and choice. The second half the 1980s saw a restructuring, and the unashamed acknowledgement that the market was the new cornerstone of education Key aims were now to keep output constant and affordable, to remove LEAs as a source of education policy making, and to replace effectiveness with efficiency. The 1988 Education Act is a set of 'compromises and interventions' (Ball, 1990): it sets out the National Curriculum (fine in principle, but unfair in practice), more power to school governers, and the possibility of 'opting out' of LEA control by individual schools. Another area in which young people are not given the chance to fully develop their potential is that of Special Educational Needs (SEN), defined by the 1988 Education Act as a 'learning difficulty which calls for special educational provision to be made'. Judiciary system The development of education policy in Britain includes concept of 'educational disadvantage' since the 1950s, the comprehensive reorganization of secondary education in the 1960s and 1970s, the change in ideas on education in the 1980s and 1990s, and New Labour's policies. Political ideologies have shaped social policy of United Kingdom since 1945. The political party system, dating from the 17th century, is an essential element in the working constitution. Several parties win seats in

Management report. It should critically evaluate the leadership and Essay

Management report. It should critically evaluate the leadership and management processes within your own organisation or one th - Essay Example 468-469, 1998). This paper is an attempt to look at the leadership dynamics of a well-known leader Ricardo Semler, who is currently the CEO of Brazilian firm Semco SA. Ricardo Semler and his company are widely known for its principles of industrial and corporate democracy, participative management, innovative business management and corporate re-engineering. Born in 1959 at Sao Paula, Semler is one of biggest names of the corporate, business and academic arena of Brazil and all over the world. Semler has repeatedly been nominated as the top 100 global business leaders. In addition, â€Å"he was named as the Latin American Businessmen of the year in 1990 by the TIME magazine† (Antonakis, Cianciolo & Sternberg, pp. 41-49, 2004). Semler has is occasional lecturers to seminars and has received immense media attention. ‘World Economic Forum’ has also nominated Semler as Leaders of Tomorrow. He is the author of many business articles in Harvard Business Review and he ha s also written best sellers such as â€Å"The Seven Day Weekend: Changing the Way it Works† and â€Å"Turning Your Own Table† (Hamel & Breen, pp. 258-259, 2007). This paper would explore his business styles, leadership dynamics; compare the information available on him with the well-known leadership literature to draw certain conclusions and recommendations. Organisational Context Antonio Kurt Semler, an Austrian Born immigrant in Sao Paulo, established his little company with the name of â€Å"Semler & Company† in 1952 to sell his patented vegetable oil centrifuge (Patching, pp. 86-87, 2007). However, as the company grew, it diversified into the business of Mixer & Agitator and other supply materials for shipping and construction. However, Antonio Semler strongly believed in the autocratic and controlled style of leadership (Antonakis et. al, pp. 41-49, 2004). At that time, Semler was a tall and hierarchal organisation with many layers of management. Ricardo wa s the only son of the Semler family and therefore, Antonio wanted, right from the started, his son to take over the company after him (Sashkin & Sashkin, pp. 379-386, 2003). However, Semler was not interested in the family business. Despite the fact that he went to Harvard Business School for business studies, his interest was to join a Rock band, like the ones that were famous in the 1970s (Semler, pp. 3-6, 1989). However, on the insistence of his father, he took the position of Assistant to the Board of Directors. Even though, the job title suggests that young Semler had quite some authority over the business, the same was not true. He had disagreements over most of the issues with the other senior board of directors most of which were the â€Å"golf buddies† of his father (Tjosvold & Tjosvold, pp. 487-489, 1995). This frustration and disappointment grew so much that young Semler finally threatened his father to leave the company. As mentioned earlier that it was the dream of his father to see his son taking over the company. Therefore, after a few weeks, Antonio Semler took a decision, which surprised everyone. He himself went on a vacation to Europe, resigned from his post, and transferred all the power to his son, leaving Ricardo Semler as the incharge of the company (Semler, pp. 3-6, 1989). After taking over the company, he fired over 75 percent of the top and middle managers of the company and took the company into a new strategic direction of acquisitions and

Marketing Communications Memo Essay Example for Free

Marketing Communications Memo Essay This year this organization has elected to erect a monument to honor the fallen military heroes of Jacksonville, Florida. Some demographics of this large city are its’ multigenerational and diverse ethnic population, varied socioeconomic span, and of course, the large military representation, both active duty, retired, veterans, and their families. The location of Jacksonville in northeast Florida is a great stopover spot for tourists making their way to Orlando or Tampa and the snowbirds on their journey to southern Florida for the winter. The location of the monument should be centralized and near a major highway, possibly Interstate 95 between Interstate 10 and Interstate 295 South. Jacksonville, Florida is a military town and rich in its military history. According to United States Census Bureau QuickFacts (Jacksonville, 2008-2012) approximately 81,000 veterans live here. This number represents 10.5% of the total Jacksonville population. When including Orange Park and Jacksonville Beach to these numbers the veterans’ total number increases to nearly 85,000. This number is not reflective of the family members surrounding the veterans. The QuickFacts sheet goes on to state that the average household in Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, and Orange Park, is approximately 2.50 persons. The number of individuals living in the greater Jacksonville, Florida area directly related to the military member adds another 127,500 people for a total of 170,000 (QuickFacts Orange Park, QuickFacts Jacksonville Beach QuickFacts Jacksonville, 2008-2012). We will want to choose a central location for the monument as Jacksonville, Florida has the greatest land mass in the continental United States with 885 square miles (Insider’s Guide to Jacksonville, Florida, 2014). By centralizing the location we can attract as many of Jacksonville’s residents to visit the monument. We must also take into consideration the ease of access to the monument for out of state visitors. If the location is too complicated to get to many people will not visit the site. The monument site will also have a visitor/gift shop with smaller images of the Fallen Heroes Monument for sale, along with military memorabilia of the two naval military installations, Naval Air Station Jacksonville and Naval Station Mayport, and Marine Corps Support Facility Blount Island Command along with military collectables. The various National Guards outfits along with the Coast Guard will be represented as well. The gift store will be maintain and staffed by Naval Air Station Jacksonville and proceeds will help with the upkeep of the monument. We will build the store as part of the monument site. The City of Jacksonville has donated the land in the name of the local fallen heroes. The project hopes to capture national attention with its innovative design and availability of military collectables. We want not just the Jacksonville, Florida residents to take pride in this monument but the State of Florida and our nation. Fundraising will be accomplished by reaching out to local military and veteran organizations. The Veterans of Foreign War, American Legion, Student Veterans of America, and American Veterans are all onboard to help with fundraising events like car washes, cook-outs, and large yard sales. We have also partnered with the local motorcycle clubs in Jacksonville, Florida who have scheduled several Saturday rides throughout the state. Historically the bikers clubs have donated large sums of money to events such as ours. The Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office and Jacksonville Fire Department are also collecting donations to help defray the total cost of the monument. Naval Station Mayport and Naval Air Station Jacksonville will have golf tournaments to support the building of the monument. Grants from the City of Jacksonville and from the State of Florida have been pledged.  There will be a website featuring the future monument and donations can be accepted there as well. Military personnel come from all ages, racial ethnicities, socioeconomic levels, and religious backgrounds; it is a fair assessment to predict that the visitors to the monument will be of the same diversity. The marketing direction will be of one from pride in our nations’ military men and women, the good work they do the world over, and the sacrifices they have given. The local community is fully committed to the project and is evident by the large number of private contributors. References: Insider’s Guide to Jacksonville, Florida. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.insideflorida.com/city/info/Jacksonville QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12000.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Jacksonville, Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235000.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Jacksonville Beach, Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235050.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Orange Park, Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1252125.html

The Traffic Congestion Problem In Toronto

The Traffic Congestion Problem In Toronto Traffic congestion is a problem which faces many large cities around the world. Many cities face the problem of traffic gridlocks especially during rush hour periods when employees are rushing to or from work. In Toronto, this is a major problem which threatens the long term economic growth of Canada mainly due to economic losses attributed to the congestion. In North America, Toronto is the fourth most congested city after San Francisco, Chicago and Los Angeles. Toronto was actually ranked last among cities in North America based on the average time employees spent commuting per day, which was eighty minutes. This rating is worse considering that it involved assessment of all transport forms and not only automobiles. In addition, only 30% of car owners in Toronto leave vehicles at home, which add to the congestion (Steve 2010). This congestion has an adverse cost to the economy especially due to idle time by employees, fuel wastage during traffic jams or lateness in deliveries. These costs add up to over $2 billion annually which is a great concern to any economy. In addition to these economic losses, there are other repercussions of traffic congestion including environmental pollution, which translates to millions of dollars in health care costs to affected people. It is important to understand reasons behind traffic congestion in Toronto in order to develop effective solutions to this problem. This paper will evaluate the traffic congestion in Toronto, assess the possible reasons for the problem and advance viable solutions which will help end the traffic problem in the city. The discussed issues will be summarized at the end. Traffic congestion in Toronto As has been discussed, Toronto is the most congested city in North America judging by the transport delays experienced by residents. Traffic congestion is experienced when traffic volume is generally higher than the available road capacities. This is also known as saturation and it is simply a situation where demand for roads is greater than the supply. Generally, causes of traffic congestion are categorized into two; recurring and non-recurring causes. Recurring causes of traffic congestion are caused by traffic issues which recur such as ineffective management of capacity, unrestrained demand and insufficient capacity. Non-recurring causes are those which occur due to unique circumstances which are not normally experienced. These include work zones, car accidents, bad weather, disabled vehicles and emergencies. For purposes of this paper, the recurring causes of traffic congestion will be addressed since this forms the major part of congestion of traffic in Toronto. Key reasons for increase in congestion There are several reasons which have played a role in increasing traffic congestion in Toronto. Some of the causes of recurring traffic congestion in Toronto will be briefly discussed below; Increased automobile use The increase in use of automobiles is one of the major causes of traffic congestion around the world. As has been discussed, Toronto is the most congested city in North America with over 70% of automobile owners driving to work. In addition, pedestrians and bicycles also compete for the limited road resource. This causes a strain on roads and contributes heavily to the congestion experienced in Toronto (Halberstam 14-17). Many automobiles carry one or two passengers as opposed to public transport where several people are transported by buses. This also increases congestion since more private vehicles are used to ferry very few passengers between various locations. The increase in automobile use also has adverse effects on the environment since there is more pollution from automobiles. Idle time experienced by automobiles as a result of traffic jams also increases pollution by automobiles. This pollution not only harms the environment but also causes respiratory infections and illness es to humans which translate to a huge cost to the economy. Poor planning Every government planning department or ministry is tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that the population growth matches available resources to reduce strain. It is therefore the responsibility of the government to ensure that resources such as roads are well planned and developed to cater for the population growth. However, the Canadian government has performed poorly in developing roads which cater for the large population in the country (Conrad Finkel 55-58). For instance, some experts have pointed out that on some roads, bike lanes have been placed in poor locations. These lanes have not been connected to other routes, which is wastage of space and money. In addition, some bike lanes have been placed in thoroughfares which are major and in addition to contributing to the congestion, parking and stopping spaces are drastically reduced. Some pedestrian crossings have been placed in dangerous locations where they cause a reduction in traffic flow as opposed to easing traff ic. Lapse in implementation of laws There is a notable inconsistency in implementation of the law which regulates traffic. It is unclear whether this is done intentionally but experts have blamed it on ignorance and corruption. Parking and traffic laws are generally not evenly applied for all types of vehicles. In addition, many motorists who commit traffic offenses are not dealt with in a harsh manner in order to act as a deterrent to other motorists. This creates a situation where motorists are ignorant of traffic laws, which further complicates the problem of congestion. Effects of traffic congestion in Toronto There are various effects of traffic congestion in Toronto and these will be discussed below; Pollution Due to the increase in the number of automobiles in use in Toronto, the city has experiences high pollution levels than many cities in North America. Toronto is one of the most congested cities in North America and pollution levels are high due to high automobile usage. Many automobiles used emit high levels of carbon monoxide and other gases which harm the environment and the health of the public (Lerner Wilmoth 74-81). Over 1500 people die annually in Toronto due to diseases which are related to environmental pollution. In addition, over 6000 people are admitted to hospitals in Toronto annually due to complications related to pollution and motor vehicle usage is a large contributor to this problem (Ruddiman 81-87). Pollution due to increase in automobile use is therefore a major problem which causes economic costs to Toronto through damage to the environment and adverse effects on the health of residents. Traffic congestion also results in idling of automobiles which leads to more pollution on the environment. Idle time and opportunity costs A lot of time is spent by workers in Toronto commuting to and from their place of work. Toronto was ranked last in terms of commuting time spent by employees when using different forms of transport and this was seen to be an average of eighty minutes. This is a lot of time since workers spend over an hour commuting daily to and from their place of employment. The costs of this idle time to the economy have been estimated to be over $2 billion annually (Roess et. al. 34-37). These are opportunity costs which would have brought even greater value to the economy. In addition to idle time by employees, there are the costs of fuel used during traffic by the many automobiles which use the roads. Such costs also run into the billions as vehicles burn fuel in traffic each day. These costs experienced due to idle time are opportunity costs which would have been used for development purposes and development of infrastructure by the Canadian government. Delays Traffic jams usually lead to delay for either employees to reach their work stations or for products to be delivered on time. It also makes employees be late for meetings, flights or other opportunities which further their career. Delays may have a negative impact on individuals, the government or businesses at large. When individuals get delayed, they may miss certain opportunities which may result in earning lower disposable incomes which adversely affects their families. When there are delays, businesses suffer from lower sales due to delays in supplies or other factors. When delays occur, the government may also earn lower revenue due to lower tax received from decline in opportunities associated with the delay. Delays should therefore be avoided since they have negative effects to the society at large. This can only be achieved if viable solutions to the problem of transport congestion are implemented. Barriers to emergency services When there are traffic delays, it becomes difficult for emergency services to reach people in need. Emergency vehicles usually find it difficult to navigate through Toronto due to the problem of traffic congestion. Ambulances and fire trucks usually take longer than necessary to reach their destinations due to traffic congestion. This is very dangerous for Canadians since many people may continue losing lives due to delays in emergency service provision. It is imperative that urgent solutions to the problem of traffic congestion in Toronto are developed in order to ensure residents have access to fast emergency services. Viable solutions to the problem There are several solutions which will help reduce traffic congestion in Toronto and these will be discussed below; Encouraging commuters to use public transport It has been discussed that one of the reasons why there is traffic congestion in Toronto is that over 70% of automobile owners use their cars as opposed to public transport. Since private cars mostly carry one or two people, there are very many private cars which are needed to transport employees to and from work. These private cars cause congestion in roads due to their large numbers. In order to ease congestion, public transport should be encouraged since it involves transporting many people simultaneously hence easing traffic congestion. Trains and public buses carry hundreds of people simultaneously which reduces the number of private cars on roads. The government should discourage the use of private cars especially within the city through making it expensive to drive and park private cars within the city. Parking fees for private cars should be increased to discourage use of these vehicles within the city. This will encourage more people to travel by train or buses which will ea se traffic on roads. Decongesting public transport Although public transport is very effective in reducing traffic congestion, it has to be effective to achieve this goal. The public transport system in Toronto faces certain weaknesses which contribute to the traffic congestion experienced in the city. Many subways including the Yonge subway is very crowded yet this is one of the most important subways in Canada. Although there is a plan to computerize control and signals system in order to enable a greater number of trains to run closer together, this plan will take some years to implement, which means that Canadians will continue facing transport congestion in the short run (Preville 2010). There are also problems with train capacity and speeds with commuters complaining some trains are too slow and have low capacities. This is a problem which should be addressed by the government through increase in number, speeds and capacities of transport trains. Decentralizing businesses from the Greater Toronto Area There are very many businesses which are present in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). As a result, many employees commute from suburbs into the GTA each day. The large number of people who commute to the GTA is one of the major reasons why there is traffic congestion. In order to reduce congestion, it is important for the government to encourage investors to invest in suburbs or the outskirts of the city (Wallace 65-69). This is one of the most effective solutions to this problem since fewer people will travel to the GTA. When many businesses are decentralized and established in suburbs and outskirts of Toronto, the traffic systems will face lower congestion due to the reduced number of users. In addition to benefits of decentralization to the transport system, decentralizing businesses will also ensure that there is balanced development in Toronto and Canada as a whole. This will raise the standards of living of people and reduce the gap between the poor and the rich. Investing in transport infrastructure In order to cater for the growing population, the road infrastructure should match population growth. Since the transport system in Toronto is congested, it is important to invest in new and more effective transport infrastructure to ease the congestion. One of these types of infrastructure is investment in subways. Subways which run under major roads are very effective means of easing traffic congestion in most major cities. The government should construct such subways and offer commuters a variety of choices to make when making transport decisions. Other infrastructures include billing systems which discourage the movement of private cars into the city. These billing systems may resemble that used in London where cameras monitor vehicles entering congested zones and require motorists to pay a certain sum of money. Motorists who do not pay receive very heavy fines. Such a billing system may be required to adjust the rates according to traffic movements. This will ensure that traffic congestion is eased in Toronto. Passing relevant transport legislation In order to ensure motorists comply with changes which have been suggested in the paper, stronger legislation is required to ensure that private cars are discouraged from entering the city and that any traffic offenders receive harsh punishments. This will serve as deterrent to other offenders who are not keen to be part of the traffic decongestion efforts. For instance, in London, private cars entering congestion zones pay 8 pounds in fees. However, people who do not observe this rule pay a harsh fine of 120 pounds. There are cameras which records all registration plates of motor vehicles hence it is difficult not to comply with the rule. Toronto requires legislation and policies which support traffic decongestion to be passed in order to develop long term solutions to the problem of traffic congestion. Dialog with stakeholders in transport industry In order for the government to ensure that changes required to the transport industry are effectively implemented, all stakeholders should be involved in the changes. The government should convene a meeting with stakeholders in public and private transport with the aim of developing long term solutions to the problem of traffic congestion (Quentin 16-22). These people may offer very effective solutions to this problem since they are the major road users. The general public will also be keen to follow changes and recommendations made to improve the transport sector once it is involved in developing solutions to the problem. Dialog with stakeholders will provide the government with an opportunity to listen to a variety of suggestions on how the transport problem can be resolved. Summary and conclusion Various aspects of traffic congestion in Toronto have been analyzed in detail. It is clear that Toronto is facing a serious problem of traffic congestion since it is the most congested city in North America. Traffic congestion in Toronto costs over $ 2 billion annually and it is caused by a variety of factors. These factors are categorized into non-recurring and recurring factors. However, the paper focused on recurring factors which contribute to the largest proportion of traffic congestion in Canada. These include increased automobile use, poor planning and lapse in implementation of laws which govern traffic systems. This leads to the use of many private cars by employees who commute to work as opposed to use of public transport systems resulting in congestion. Traffic congestion in Toronto has various adverse effects including barriers to emergency services, delays, idle time and opportunity costs as well as pollution. These effects have adverse effects on the health, welfare and economic development of the society as whole. All stakeholders in society suffer either indirectly or directly from traffic congestion. There are several solutions which should be implemented to reduce traffic congestion in Toronto. These include encouraging commuters to use public transport, decongesting public transport, decentralizing businesses from the Greater Toronto Area, investing in transport infrastructure, passing relevant transport legislation and dialog with stakeholders in transport industry. These solutions aim at discouraging the use of private vehicles and increasing the effectiveness of public transport to increase the capacity and speeds needed to reduce congestion in Toronto. However, it is important to involve all relevant stakeholders when developing solutions to the transport congestion since as earlier discussed, these people may offer very effective solutions to this problem since they are the major road users. The general public will also be keen to follow changes made to improve the transport sector if it is involved in the change process. This will ensure that Toronto has one of the best t ransport systems not only in North America but across the world.