A Brief Timeline of Events in America - 1626 - 1650

Between 1626 and 1650, the new American colonies chafed at being so close to political rivals, and squabbled with one another over borders, religious freedom, and self-government.  The key events including ongoing wars with Native American residents, and disputes with the government of Charles I of England. 1626 May 4: Dutch colonist and politician Peter Minuit (1580–1585) arrives for his second visit at the mouth of the Hudson River in New Netherland . September: Minuit buys Manhattan from the Native Americans for items worth approximately $24 (60 guilders: although the amount isnt added to the story until 1846). He then names the island New Amsterdam. 1627 Plymouth Colony and New Amsterdam begin trading. Sir Edwin Sandys (1561–1629) sends a shipload of approximately 1,500 kidnapped children from England to the Virginia colony; it is one of several programs used by Sandys and others sending unemployed, vagrants and other undesirable multitudes to offset horrifying mortality rates in the colonies. 1628 June 20: A group of settlers led by John Endecott settles at Salem. This begins the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Collegiate School, the first independent school in America is established by the Dutch West India School and the Dutch Reformed Church in New Amsterdam. 1629 March 18: King Charles I signs a royal charter establishing the Massachusetts Bay . The Dutch West India Company begins to give land grants to patrons who will bring at least 50 settlers to the colonies. October 20: John Winthrop (1588–1649) is elected the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. October 30: King Charles I grants Sir Robert Heath a territory in North America that is to be called Carolina. The founder of Maine, Ferdinand Gorges (ca. 1565–1647), gives the south part of the colony to co-founder John Mason (1586–1635), which part becomes the Province of New Hampshire. 1630 April 8: The Winthrop Fleet, 11 ships with over 800 English colonists led by John Winthrop, leave England to settle in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; it is the first great wave of immigration from England. After he arrives, Winthrop begins writing the notebooks of his life and experiences in the colony, part of which will be published as the History of New England in 1825 and 1826.Boston is officially established. William Bradford (1590–1657), Governor of Plymouth colony, begins writing History of Plymouth Plantation. 1631 May: Despite the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter, it is decided that only church members are allowed to become freemen who are allowed to vote for colony officials. 1632 In the Massachusetts Bay Colony issues such as no taxation without representation and representative government are beginning to be addressed. King Charles I grants George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, a royal charter to found the Maryland Colony. Since Baltimore is Roman Catholic, the right to religious freedom is granted to Maryland. 1633 October 8: The first town government is organized in the city of Dorchester within the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1634 March: The first English settlers for the new Maryland colony arrive in North America. 1635 April 23: The Boston Latin School, the first public school in what would become the United States, is established in Boston, Massachusetts. April 23: A naval battle occurs between Virginia and Maryland, one of several confrontations over boundary disputes between the two colonies. April 25: The Council for New England revokes the charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company. The colony refuses to yield to this, however. Roger Williams is ordered banished from Massachusetts after criticizing the colony and promoting the idea of separation of church and state. 1636 The Town Act is passed in the Massachusetts Bay general court giving towns the ability to govern themselves to some extent, including the power to allocate land, and take care of local business. Thomas Hooker (1586–1647) arrives in Hartford Connecticut and founds the first church of the territory. June: Roger Williams (1603–1683) founds the present-day city of Providence, Rhode Island. July 20: Open warfare begins between the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and the Pequot Indians after the death of New England trader John Oldham. September 8: Harvard University is founded. 1637 May 26: After numerous encounters, the Pequot Indians are massacred by a force of Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, and Plymouth colonists. The tribe is virtually eliminated in what becomes known as the Mystic Massacre. November 8: Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643) is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, because of theological differences. 1638 Anne Hutchinson leaves for Rhode Island and founds Pocasset (later renamed Portsmouth) with William Coddington (1601–1678) and John Clarke (1609–1676). August 5: Peter Minuit dies in a shipwreck in the Caribbean. 1639 January 14: The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, describing the government set up by towns along the Connecticut River, are enacted. Sir Ferdinando Gorges is named the governor of Maine by royal charter. August 4: New Hampshire Colony settlers sign the Exeter Compact, establishing their freedom from strict religious and economic rules. 1640 Dutch colonists settle in the Delaware River area, after driving out English colonists from Virginia and Connecticut. 1641 New Hampshire seeks the governmental help of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, providing the towns have self-rule, and that membership in the church is not required. 1642 In what would become known as Kiefts War, New Netherland fights against the Hudson River Valley Indians who have been making raids against the colony. Willem Kieft was director of the colony from 1638–1647. Both sides will sign a truce in 1645 that will last a year. 1643 May: The New England Confederation, also known as the United Colonies of New England, a confederation of Connecticut, Massachusetts, Plymouth, and New Hampshire, is formed. August: Anne Hutchinson is murdered with her family by Siwanoy warriors on Long Island. 1644 Roger Williams returns to England where he wins a royal charter for Rhode Island, and offends conservative English politicians by calling for religious toleration and separation of church and state. 1645 August: The Dutch and the Hudson River Valley Indians sign a peace treaty, ending four years of warfare. The New England Confederation sign a peace treaty with the Narragansett Indians. 1646 November 4: Massachusetts becomes increasingly intolerant as they pass a law making heresy punishable by death. 1647 Peter Stuyvesant (1610–1672) assumes the leadership of New Netherland; he would be the last Dutch director-general of the colony, when it is ceded to the English and renamed New York in 1664. May 19–21: Rhode Island General Assembly drafts a constitution allowing for separation of church and state. 1648 The Dutch and the Swedes compete for the land around present-day Philadelphia on the Schuylkill River. They each build forts and the Swedes burn down the Dutch fort twice. 1649 January 30: King Charles I of the House of Stuart is executed in England for high treason; Virginia, Barbados, Bermuda, and Antigua continue to support his family the House of Stuart. April 21: The Maryland Toleration Act is passed by the colonys assembly, allowing for religious freedom. Maine also passes legislation allowing for religious freedom. 1650 April 6: Maryland is allowed to have a bicameral legislature by order of Lord Baltimore. August: Virginia is blockaded by England after declaring allegiance to the House of Stuart. Source Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Nobles Books: Greenwich, CT, 1993.

The American Dream Falling Short And Being A False Sense...

What is American Dream? What does it mean to you? What does it mean to me? Although we all have the same ideology of what the definition of what the American Dream is, we can all come up with a different meaning, each one more personal to ourselves than to others. As we will see with the help of three different authors, regardless of age, race, sexuality, religion, or social status, we could possibly agree on the idea of the American Dream falling short and being a false sense of reality for many Americans to this day. One such author, poet Langston Hughes, wrote â€Å"Let America Be America Again.† Hughes is known for his portrayal of the African American life in America during the early to mid 1900’s. Hughes was born in 1902 in Missouri where his parents divorced when he was a young child. He was raised by his grandmother until his teenage years before he moved to live with his mother and her new husband. He was a college graduate from Lincoln University and was an award winning novelist. Another author, Edward McClelland, we don’t learn as much about. We know he grew up in an auto making town in the 1970s, a time during which middle-class America was strong and prosperous. McClelland tells us his ideology through personal experience, examples, and the use of some statistics. With our last author, meet D. Watkins, a college professor who has a master’s degree in education from John Hopkins University and an MFA in creative writing from the University of Baltimore. (3) WeShow MoreRelatedForeclosure Crisis: A Time for Change1105 Words   |  5 Pageshave dictated our economic policies; the housing market was fed by the politicians instilling the thought that every person should be a homeowner. 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Medical Tourism On Public Health Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Introduction Surveies on wellness related mobility have long paid attending to the migration of patients from less developed states to industrialised states in hunt of wellness services that are unavailable in their state of beginning ( Paffhausen, et al. , 2010 ) . Recently, motion in the opposite way, which is referred to as medical touristry, has captured the involvement of the media ( Horowitz, et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Tourism On Public Health Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2007 ) . Medical touristry describes the phenomenon of citizens from extremely developed states going to states at variable degrees of development for world-class but low-cost medical services that are non available in their ain communities ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Woodman, 2007 ) . Unlike wellness touristry which is by and large viewed as a pleasure-oriented touristry affecting gratifying and restful activities ( Pollock A ; Williams, 2000 ; Bennett, et al. , 2004 ) , medical touristry is distinguished from wellness touristry by the earnestness of unwellness and the degree of physical intercession required ( Hendersen, 2004 ; Carrera A ; Bridges, 2006 ; Connell, 2006 ) . In this regard, Hendersen ( 2004, p.113 ) defines medical touristry as a pattern that ‘incorporates wellness showing, hospitalization, and surgical operations ‘ . This essay will concentrate the treatment on a figure of medical touristry issues with mention to economic theory including market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry, the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of medical touristry on public wellness of hosting states. The essay begins with the market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry. This will be followed by treatment of the ability of medical touristry in bettering public wellness – the crowding-in consequence. The essay will so discourse the crowding-out consequence of medical touristry – the fact that national resources are diverted from public heath to more profitable private services for international patients. Market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry Although medical touristry is an emerging industry ( Hopkins, et al. , 2010 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) , the industry itself has grown dramatically over the past decennary ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The rapid growing of the planetary medical touristry industry is facilitated by the important addition in demand for cross-border medical interventions which is fuelled by a figure of factors such as high wellness attention costs, expensive insurance premiums, long waiting lists, and high income in developed states ( Horowitz A ; Rosensweig, 2007 ; Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention costs are a push and a pull of demand for medical touristry 1There is incompatibility in the value of monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention among different surveies and different medical services. For physician services, Lee and Hadley ( 1981 ) found that monetary value snap of demand is about -2.8 to -5.07, while in the survey of McCarthy ( 1985 ) the value was -3.07 to -3.26. At hospital degree, monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention is smaller, runing from -0.8 for patient yearss to -1.1 for admittances ( Feldman A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . Rosett and Huang ( 1973 ) found that outgo for wellness attention is sensitive to monetary value, with monetary value snap of -0.35 to -1.5. Although different surveies yield different Numberss and different groups of people may hold different degree of sensitiveness to monetary value, these surveies tell us the same narrative: demand for wellness attention is monetary value elastic. Health attention market faces high monetary value snap of demand and patients are sensitive to price1 ( Rosett A ; Huang, 1973 ; Lee A ; Hadley, 1981 ; McCarthy, 1985 ; Feldman A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . In fact, the primary ground why people travel in hunt of wellness attention is monetary value considerations ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, as wellness attention costs rise, the demand for wellness attention would diminish as a consequence ( McPake A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . As a rational economic person, in the attempt to minimise costs of wellness attention and maximise public-service corporation, the patient has become a medical tourer ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Like other trade goods, monetary value is one of the most of import determiners of measure demanded for wellness attention ( McPake A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . Rising wellness attention costs in place scenes and significantly lower monetary values of medical interventions in finish states are playing as a push and a pull severally of demand for medical touristry ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In the United States ( US ) , for illustration, it is estimated that the national wellness outgo has raised by 43.5 % from $ 1.3 trillion in 2003 to $ 2.8 trillion in 2008, of which 12 % ( $ 278 million ) was from personal payments ( US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2008 ) . This go oning addition in heath outgo exacts a great toll on wellness attention consumers. A survey by Himmelstein ( 2009 ) reveals that in 2007, over 62.1 % of all bankruptcies in the US were medical, and wellness attention costs have become the fastest turning constituent of Americans ‘ market basket. As a consequence, patients are pushed to go to where their demand can be met with low-cost monetary values to increase public-service corporation. With the lifting wellness attention costs in industrialised states, high quality services at important lower monetary values in developing states have become the inducement for patients seeking interventions abroad. Harmonizing to Deloitte ( 2008 ) , medical services in India, Thailand, Singapore can be every bit low as 10 % of those in the US, while other surveies reveals that the costs in some medical touristry finishs can be 30 % -70 % cheaper than those that medical tourers have to pay in their states ( Mugomba A ; Danell, 2007 cited in Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The cost that includes airfare and holiday bundle of a bosom valve replacing surgery, for illustration, is merely $ 10,000 in India, while it costs $ 200,000 in the US ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hospitals in Singapore charge $ 18,000 for a knee replacing with a six twenty-four hours in-patient intervention which would be a patient $ 30,000 in the US ( Herrick, 2007 ) . World-class medical interventions with significantl y cheaper monetary values in developing states have been drawing the possible wellness attention consumers in developed states to prosecute interventions overseas ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Insurance coverage, waiting clip, and income Econometric patterning on heath attention ingestion behavior suggests that insurance coverage, deductibles, and co-payments are among the variables of the demand map for wellness attention with negative correlativity coefficients ( Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . High wellness insurance premiums means people tend to purchase low-budget programs that merely cover a little basket of heath services or people may take non to purchase insurance ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . It is estimated that over 46 million Americans are uninsured, doing nest eggs on medical processs abroad more attractive ( Starr A ; Fernandopulle, 2005 ; Milstein A ; Smith, 2006 ) . In add-on, high deductibles and co-payment sometimes make the cost of wellness attention out of range of patients even though they have insurance ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Given demand for wellness attention is infinite and patient ‘s income is finite, it is non surprising to see people going to seek medical interventions out side their states ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In states where there is a national health care plan such as Canada and the United Kingdom, waiting clip is the figure one barrier to entree to wellness attention ( Statistics Canada, 2005 ; Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ; Turner, 2007 ) . A recent survey finds that Canadians wait an norm of 8.4 hebdomads for General Practitioner ‘s referral to a specializer and delay another 9.5 hebdomads for intervention ( Asia Pacific Post, 2005 cited in Conrady A ; Buck, 2008 ) . When a waiting list for a peculiar process is excessively long, the patients, particularly those who have high clip monetary values, may be willing to short-circuit the free services offered at place and travel abroad to hold a timely intervention and accomplish satisfaction Oklahoman ( Hopkins, 2010 ) . An extra factor that fuels medical touristry demand is income. Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, the more disposable income a individual has, the more it is available for ingestion, including the ingestion of wellness services ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Pindyck A ; Rubinfeld, 2009 ) . Therefore, high income translates into the possibility of purchasing more wellness and preventative medical specialty ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-in consequence Medial touristry has become one of the most of import national economic activities thanks to the advantages it provides to hosting states ( UNESCAP, 2009 ) . The advantages such as economic addition, improved medical substructure and external encephalon drain decrease enable medical touristry to better and spread out public wellness, which is known as the crowding-in consequence of medical touristry ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Available information reveals that the planetary medical touristry industry generated about $ 60 billion in grosss in 2008 and the figure is projected to be $ 188 billion by the terminal of 2010 ( Deloitte, 2008 ) . Through cross-subsidization, the ensuing grosss can be reinvested in public wellness which consequences in increased entree, greater coverage, and improved quality of wellness attention for the local population ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Hopkins, 2010 ) . Cross-subsidization can besides take the signifier of sharing infirmary beds, heath professionals, and medical substructure ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Thailand, Argentina, and Malaysia, for illustration, have been utilizing telemedicine – a portion of technological invention associated with medical touristry – to supply wellness attention to advance parts ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hence, the development of medical touristry, through macroeconomic redistribution policy, can heighten public h eath and bring forth positive outwardness. Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-out consequence Bing considered as a major stimulation of socioeconomic development through advancing medical touristry, private infirmaries have been having considerable subsidies from authorities ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ; UNESCAP, 2009 ) . Given scarce resource, such support may take away resources from public wellness attention. Promoting medical touristry besides diverts human resource off from public services to private sector where heath attention staff may have higher income and work in an international criterion environment ( Sen, 2008 ) . In Thailand, for illustration, 6,000 places in public wellness services are still remained unfilled as an addition figure of wellness attention forces is attracted by higher wage and better working environment in private sector ( Saniotis, 2008 ) . Private infirmaries in Malaysia employ 54 % of the state ‘s physicians while accounting for merely 20 % of entire infirmary beds ( Gross, 1999 ) . In India, 80 % of wellness outgo is now in the privat e sector, while about half of all Indian adult females still present their babes without medical attenders ( WHO Statistical Information System, 2006 ) . By concentrating national resources for international patients, the hosting state may put on the line denying its ain citizen just entree to care, and make a double market construction for wellness attention in which one section of high quality services is for aliens and the other of lower quality is for local patients ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . The ground underlying this polarisation is the tradeoff between the resources for public wellness and those for medical touristry ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention for local population is crowded out as most of the resources are enticed off from local patients ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . This double market construction besides creates a state of affairs in which those who need less care normally acquire overtreatment while excepting the neediest 1s or cut downing their use ( Bookman A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Decision Medical touristry refers to patients going from developed states to less developed or developing states for medical interventions. Medical touristry is market driven in which sky-rocketing wellness attention costs, expensive wellness insurance premiums, long waiting list at place are obliging grounds for patients from western states to seek cross-border interventions. Theoretical and empirical groundss prove that medical touristry crowds in public wellness thanks to the advantages it brings to destination states such as revenue enhancement grosss, decrease in encephalon drain and improved medical substructure. However, medical touristry besides crowds out public heath of finish states by taking resources off from public wellness services. For-profit private infirmaries could sabotage quality of attention at public wellness installations for local population. With higher wage and better working status at private installations, public wellness establishments may endure internal encephalon drain. Therefore, medical touristry has both positive and negative impacts on hosting states ‘ public wellness, and these effects should have equal attending they deserve. How to cite Medical Tourism On Public Health Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples